Used by advance search, e.g. using "postcolonialism" +representation etc.
Sport and Post Colonialism by John Bale and Mark Cronin (e-book)
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cEMh41y9YjkC&dq=%22postcolonialism%22+%2Bsports&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=bNiUsNCnIg&sig=QrHKpg75oheAgEfI18kC8kV5pwU&hl=en&ei=ZYklS7iFL8yd4Qbb6dXyCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22postcolonialism%22%20%2Bsports&f=false
Before sports was used for colonialist gains. For example, in India the British troops would make indians play cricket and bet money on it. But now this has changed as sports is used for post colonialist gains.
Racism in the Olympics in previous years discussed:
http://no2010.com/node/196
Today’s modern Olympics are an example of Western Civilization and the global empire it has constructed. They are a means to expand its ideology & culture. During the early 20th century the clearest Olympic endorsement of racist & fascist white supremacy, however, was yet to come.
A wikipedia article on racism in football, not looking at media aspect but still relevent information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_association_football
Shows how racism in the UK while not dissapearing, the FA are trying to get rid of it. It's also more common between ethnic groups instead of white vs ethnic minorities.
Rangers chairman claiming media obsessed with racism
http://www.tribalfootball.com/content/rangers-chairman-media-obsessed-sectarianism-and-racism
He talks about how Rangers recent friendly for troops in iraq. He argues that it has shown how far scotland has come from being a racist and violent football atmosphere to being more sophisticated and also how the media is trying to sensationalise stories such as racism in Scotland where it's not the case.
NBA dress code connotes racism, what media think
http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7158
The new dress code was aimed at black people as nowadays they wear suits as part of this micheal jordan era and jay z business era. It's so that they appear to the mainstream and that they carry this stereotype.
Sunday 13 December 2009
Thursday 10 December 2009
Ehtnic Minorities surbordination through football and media:
http://www.le.ac.uk/ua/pr/press/footballresearch.html
Leicster University found that football clubs still haven't done enough to challenge racism. Over half (51%) of all professional football clubs are situated in areas which have a minority ethnic population of 5% or more, whilst over one quarter of clubs (29%) are situated in areas where one in ten local residents are of minority ethnic backgrounds.
Team told by FA to have more ethnic minorities on board, they are a minority:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3477189.stm
The media aren't representing ethnic minorities in football enough, and are showing football to be a racist sport and therefore a lack of ethnic minorities in football clubs (it's declining).
Racism in Rugby, ethnic surbordination:
http://www.wires.u-net.com/racismrl.htm
Talks about racism in Rugby. Despite efforts to try and rid of it, it always seems to creep up in the sport and it's mainly from fans shouting it at players. It's alright to like an ethnic minority in their team but if it's in another team, racism is acceptable.
Very Important link, post colonialism and sports linked:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yz6wsZC1u4oC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=post-colonialism+sports&source=bl&ots=srGRlRm_ey&sig=oDQsymid8v9gr_iKxzD9CHwaBbI&hl=en&ei=7JchS8iiCcf-4AbRjdHnCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=post-colonialism%20sports&f=false
Growth of ethnic minority participation in sports down to globalisation and companies wanting to expand to meet everyone's need. It's for economic benefits. most disputes tend to be regional e.g. Cameroon not getting world cup place and therefore boycotting 1982 worldcup.
http://www.le.ac.uk/ua/pr/press/footballresearch.html
Leicster University found that football clubs still haven't done enough to challenge racism. Over half (51%) of all professional football clubs are situated in areas which have a minority ethnic population of 5% or more, whilst over one quarter of clubs (29%) are situated in areas where one in ten local residents are of minority ethnic backgrounds.
Team told by FA to have more ethnic minorities on board, they are a minority:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3477189.stm
The media aren't representing ethnic minorities in football enough, and are showing football to be a racist sport and therefore a lack of ethnic minorities in football clubs (it's declining).
Racism in Rugby, ethnic surbordination:
http://www.wires.u-net.com/racismrl.htm
Talks about racism in Rugby. Despite efforts to try and rid of it, it always seems to creep up in the sport and it's mainly from fans shouting it at players. It's alright to like an ethnic minority in their team but if it's in another team, racism is acceptable.
Very Important link, post colonialism and sports linked:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yz6wsZC1u4oC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=post-colonialism+sports&source=bl&ots=srGRlRm_ey&sig=oDQsymid8v9gr_iKxzD9CHwaBbI&hl=en&ei=7JchS8iiCcf-4AbRjdHnCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=post-colonialism%20sports&f=false
Growth of ethnic minority participation in sports down to globalisation and companies wanting to expand to meet everyone's need. It's for economic benefits. most disputes tend to be regional e.g. Cameroon not getting world cup place and therefore boycotting 1982 worldcup.
Bibliography for my topic area
Probert, David and Graham, Andrew (2008): Advance Media Studies. Oxfordshire; Phillipalan retailers (156-158)
It's about the nation backing their country, in an international game. The media would relate it to war and other international problems e.g. Germany vs England always relate to war, which alienate German footballers in the EPL.
"German national team is routinely represented in the press in terms of its (military) machine-like organisation... ...tabloid headlines often use the indexical semiotic signifiers of military stregnth and ruthlessness... ...Football is used to connote the historical antagonism between the English and the Germans"
Bennet, Peter; Slater, Jenny and Wall, Peter (2006): A2 Media Studies, The Essential Introduction. Oxon; Routledge (page 12)
Talks about regionalism, and how regions play an impact on sports. With regions such as Leicster and London having a diversity of ethnicities, it almost makes it a war between nations when London collides with a team up north.
"matches angaints germany in any sports are an explicit example of how you can find a clear indication of the paper's ideological mode of adress"
Casey, Bernadette; Casey, Neil; Calvert, Ben; French, Liam and Lewis, Justin. (2002). Television studies: they key concepts. London; Routledge (227-228)
World Cup influences national characteristics. It divides the nation and alienates people from other countries. Subsequently if an athlete is from an ethnic minority and is competing in England he would be made fun at because we have to back "Britain" at all times. They have created sporting narratives, where Britains are heroes and ethnic minorities villains.
"Thus young men in the Carubbean are turning from cricket, a tradional sport (transplanted through conolinists), to NBA basketball. Television is variously seen as an agent of Cultural Imperialism or globalisation"
Creeber, Glen (2004). Fifty Key television programmes. London; Arnold. (85-88)
Focuses on Fifa world cup and Olympics. Talks about how ethnic minorities have to choose between England or their home country while compting in England.
"There has been much hostility towards South Korea during the 2002 world cup, with BBC stereotyping most South Koreans as chinese, and holding chinese traditions."
Williams, Kevin (2003). Understanding Media Theory. London; Arnold. (217-218)
Defines Cultural/Imperialism Thesis. Argues that the West, when colonialism was vanishing, set up economic structures to later suite thier needs and nations from the south can't change as they are being held back through culture and sports.
"They developed dependency thoery to explain the gap between the West and the rest of the world"
Ferguson, Robert (1998). Representing "Race". London; Arnold. (134-138)
It's arguing that Althusser argued that sports is used as a bridge to open gap between chauvinism and racism. Basically we use sports to be racist. For example, if we play Germany in the World Cup, we then are allowed to make fun out of Germany with newspapers (Daily Mirror) even encouraging it. It alienates germans in England, for example Klinsmann was booed when he was playing for Totenham.
"Althusser noted that the role of sport in Chauvenism is of the first importance as part of the 'cultural apparatus'...
...in which 'national' issues are represented in relation to sport often bridges the gap that might exist between chauvinism and racism."
Carmann, Lyan and Mclean, David (2003). Media and Society in the 20th century. Australia; Blackwell (147-148)
Talks about ethnic minorities impact on olymics/fifa world cup. It's negative, similar to most other books.
"The nation all came together for the world cup, to go angaints other nations, and therefore be racist and everyone is okay with it"
W.Said, Edward (1994) Culture Emerialism. London; Vintage (pg 8)
Gives a concrete definition of Colonialism; which is the main thoery to supprt my study. It also compared it to Imperialist theory and talks about recent changes (Post-Colonialism). It also looks at the effect it has on the media.
" A policy in which a nation maintain or extends it's control over foreign dependencies"
MacKinnan, Kenneth (2003) Representing Men. London; Arnold (176-178)
Williams (1990) argues that in sport media today, for example during a football game, that women and ethnic minorities are refered to by their first names. For example UFC fighter Kimbo Slice (Black America) is refered to as simply Kimbo. This leads them not to be taken as seriously as other athletes who are refered by their last name.
"Williams study, published in 1990, found that throughout the media, in reference to sports, women and people from ethnic groups where refered to, by commentators, by their first names. This was opposed to white men who were refered to by either their last name or their full name"
E.Senn, Alfred (1999). Power, Politics and the Olympic Games. USA; Human Kinetics. (page 45)
He talks about the fact that during the olympic games, there is tention towards other ethnic nations, it's the one time in year we are allowed to be partially racist. It also gives inside to the political effect on other ethnic nations other than the USA.
"The so called 'national unity' which happens when everyone comes together for the Olympics to 'back thier country' is no different from the wars fought between nations."
It's about the nation backing their country, in an international game. The media would relate it to war and other international problems e.g. Germany vs England always relate to war, which alienate German footballers in the EPL.
"German national team is routinely represented in the press in terms of its (military) machine-like organisation... ...tabloid headlines often use the indexical semiotic signifiers of military stregnth and ruthlessness... ...Football is used to connote the historical antagonism between the English and the Germans"
Bennet, Peter; Slater, Jenny and Wall, Peter (2006): A2 Media Studies, The Essential Introduction. Oxon; Routledge (page 12)
Talks about regionalism, and how regions play an impact on sports. With regions such as Leicster and London having a diversity of ethnicities, it almost makes it a war between nations when London collides with a team up north.
"matches angaints germany in any sports are an explicit example of how you can find a clear indication of the paper's ideological mode of adress"
Casey, Bernadette; Casey, Neil; Calvert, Ben; French, Liam and Lewis, Justin. (2002). Television studies: they key concepts. London; Routledge (227-228)
World Cup influences national characteristics. It divides the nation and alienates people from other countries. Subsequently if an athlete is from an ethnic minority and is competing in England he would be made fun at because we have to back "Britain" at all times. They have created sporting narratives, where Britains are heroes and ethnic minorities villains.
"Thus young men in the Carubbean are turning from cricket, a tradional sport (transplanted through conolinists), to NBA basketball. Television is variously seen as an agent of Cultural Imperialism or globalisation"
Creeber, Glen (2004). Fifty Key television programmes. London; Arnold. (85-88)
Focuses on Fifa world cup and Olympics. Talks about how ethnic minorities have to choose between England or their home country while compting in England.
"There has been much hostility towards South Korea during the 2002 world cup, with BBC stereotyping most South Koreans as chinese, and holding chinese traditions."
Williams, Kevin (2003). Understanding Media Theory. London; Arnold. (217-218)
Defines Cultural/Imperialism Thesis. Argues that the West, when colonialism was vanishing, set up economic structures to later suite thier needs and nations from the south can't change as they are being held back through culture and sports.
"They developed dependency thoery to explain the gap between the West and the rest of the world"
Ferguson, Robert (1998). Representing "Race". London; Arnold. (134-138)
It's arguing that Althusser argued that sports is used as a bridge to open gap between chauvinism and racism. Basically we use sports to be racist. For example, if we play Germany in the World Cup, we then are allowed to make fun out of Germany with newspapers (Daily Mirror) even encouraging it. It alienates germans in England, for example Klinsmann was booed when he was playing for Totenham.
"Althusser noted that the role of sport in Chauvenism is of the first importance as part of the 'cultural apparatus'...
...in which 'national' issues are represented in relation to sport often bridges the gap that might exist between chauvinism and racism."
Carmann, Lyan and Mclean, David (2003). Media and Society in the 20th century. Australia; Blackwell (147-148)
Talks about ethnic minorities impact on olymics/fifa world cup. It's negative, similar to most other books.
"The nation all came together for the world cup, to go angaints other nations, and therefore be racist and everyone is okay with it"
W.Said, Edward (1994) Culture Emerialism. London; Vintage (pg 8)
Gives a concrete definition of Colonialism; which is the main thoery to supprt my study. It also compared it to Imperialist theory and talks about recent changes (Post-Colonialism). It also looks at the effect it has on the media.
" A policy in which a nation maintain or extends it's control over foreign dependencies"
MacKinnan, Kenneth (2003) Representing Men. London; Arnold (176-178)
Williams (1990) argues that in sport media today, for example during a football game, that women and ethnic minorities are refered to by their first names. For example UFC fighter Kimbo Slice (Black America) is refered to as simply Kimbo. This leads them not to be taken as seriously as other athletes who are refered by their last name.
"Williams study, published in 1990, found that throughout the media, in reference to sports, women and people from ethnic groups where refered to, by commentators, by their first names. This was opposed to white men who were refered to by either their last name or their full name"
E.Senn, Alfred (1999). Power, Politics and the Olympic Games. USA; Human Kinetics. (page 45)
He talks about the fact that during the olympic games, there is tention towards other ethnic nations, it's the one time in year we are allowed to be partially racist. It also gives inside to the political effect on other ethnic nations other than the USA.
"The so called 'national unity' which happens when everyone comes together for the Olympics to 'back thier country' is no different from the wars fought between nations."
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