5 new Websites

Used by advance search, e.g. using "postcolonialism" +representation etc.

Sport and Post Colonialism by John Bale and Mark Cronin (e-book)

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cEMh41y9YjkC&dq=%22postcolonialism%22+%2Bsports&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=bNiUsNCnIg&sig=QrHKpg75oheAgEfI18kC8kV5pwU&hl=en&ei=ZYklS7iFL8yd4Qbb6dXyCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22postcolonialism%22%20%2Bsports&f=false

Before sports was used for colonialist gains. For example, in India the British troops would make indians play cricket and bet money on it. But now this has changed as sports is used for post colonialist gains.

Racism in the Olympics in previous years discussed:

http://no2010.com/node/196

Today’s modern Olympics are an example of Western Civilization and the global empire it has constructed. They are a means to expand its ideology & culture. During the early 20th century the clearest Olympic endorsement of racist & fascist white supremacy, however, was yet to come.

A wikipedia article on racism in football, not looking at media aspect but still relevent information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_association_football

Shows how racism in the UK while not dissapearing, the FA are trying to get rid of it. It's also more common between ethnic groups instead of white vs ethnic minorities.

Rangers chairman claiming media obsessed with racism

http://www.tribalfootball.com/content/rangers-chairman-media-obsessed-sectarianism-and-racism

He talks about how Rangers recent friendly for troops in iraq. He argues that it has shown how far scotland has come from being a racist and violent football atmosphere to being more sophisticated and also how the media is trying to sensationalise stories such as racism in Scotland where it's not the case.

NBA dress code connotes racism, what media think

http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7158

The new dress code was aimed at black people as nowadays they wear suits as part of this micheal jordan era and jay z business era. It's so that they appear to the mainstream and that they carry this stereotype.

Ehtnic Minorities surbordination through football and media:

http://www.le.ac.uk/ua/pr/press/footballresearch.html

Leicster University found that football clubs still haven't done enough to challenge racism. Over half (51%) of all professional football clubs are situated in areas which have a minority ethnic population of 5% or more, whilst over one quarter of clubs (29%) are situated in areas where one in ten local residents are of minority ethnic backgrounds.

Team told by FA to have more ethnic minorities on board, they are a minority:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3477189.stm

The media aren't representing ethnic minorities in football enough, and are showing football to be a racist sport and therefore a lack of ethnic minorities in football clubs (it's declining).


Racism in Rugby, ethnic surbordination:

http://www.wires.u-net.com/racismrl.htm

Talks about racism in Rugby. Despite efforts to try and rid of it, it always seems to creep up in the sport and it's mainly from fans shouting it at players. It's alright to like an ethnic minority in their team but if it's in another team, racism is acceptable.

Very Important link, post colonialism and sports linked:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yz6wsZC1u4oC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=post-colonialism+sports&source=bl&ots=srGRlRm_ey&sig=oDQsymid8v9gr_iKxzD9CHwaBbI&hl=en&ei=7JchS8iiCcf-4AbRjdHnCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=post-colonialism%20sports&f=false

Growth of ethnic minority participation in sports down to globalisation and companies wanting to expand to meet everyone's need. It's for economic benefits. most disputes tend to be regional e.g. Cameroon not getting world cup place and therefore boycotting 1982 worldcup.

Bibliography for my topic area

Probert, David and Graham, Andrew (2008): Advance Media Studies. Oxfordshire; Phillipalan retailers (156-158)

It's about the nation backing their country, in an international game. The media would relate it to war and other international problems e.g. Germany vs England always relate to war, which alienate German footballers in the EPL.

"German national team is routinely represented in the press in terms of its (military) machine-like organisation... ...tabloid headlines often use the indexical semiotic signifiers of military stregnth and ruthlessness... ...Football is used to connote the historical antagonism between the English and the Germans"

Bennet, Peter; Slater, Jenny and Wall, Peter (2006): A2 Media Studies, The Essential Introduction. Oxon; Routledge (page 12)

Talks about regionalism, and how regions play an impact on sports. With regions such as Leicster and London having a diversity of ethnicities, it almost makes it a war between nations when London collides with a team up north.

"matches angaints germany in any sports are an explicit example of how you can find a clear indication of the paper's ideological mode of adress"

Casey, Bernadette; Casey, Neil; Calvert, Ben; French, Liam and Lewis, Justin. (2002). Television studies: they key concepts. London; Routledge (227-228)

World Cup influences national characteristics. It divides the nation and alienates people from other countries. Subsequently if an athlete is from an ethnic minority and is competing in England he would be made fun at because we have to back "Britain" at all times. They have created sporting narratives, where Britains are heroes and ethnic minorities villains.

"Thus young men in the Carubbean are turning from cricket, a tradional sport (transplanted through conolinists), to NBA basketball. Television is variously seen as an agent of Cultural Imperialism or globalisation"

Creeber, Glen (2004). Fifty Key television programmes. London; Arnold. (85-88)

Focuses on Fifa world cup and Olympics. Talks about how ethnic minorities have to choose between England or their home country while compting in England.

"There has been much hostility towards South Korea during the 2002 world cup, with BBC stereotyping most South Koreans as chinese, and holding chinese traditions."

Williams, Kevin (2003). Understanding Media Theory. London; Arnold. (217-218)

Defines Cultural/Imperialism Thesis. Argues that the West, when colonialism was vanishing, set up economic structures to later suite thier needs and nations from the south can't change as they are being held back through culture and sports.

"They developed dependency thoery to explain the gap between the West and the rest of the world"

Ferguson, Robert (1998). Representing "Race". London; Arnold. (134-138)

It's arguing that Althusser argued that sports is used as a bridge to open gap between chauvinism and racism. Basically we use sports to be racist. For example, if we play Germany in the World Cup, we then are allowed to make fun out of Germany with newspapers (Daily Mirror) even encouraging it. It alienates germans in England, for example Klinsmann was booed when he was playing for Totenham.

"Althusser noted that the role of sport in Chauvenism is of the first importance as part of the 'cultural apparatus'...
...in which 'national' issues are represented in relation to sport often bridges the gap that might exist between chauvinism and racism."

Carmann, Lyan and Mclean, David (2003). Media and Society in the 20th century. Australia; Blackwell (147-148)

Talks about ethnic minorities impact on olymics/fifa world cup. It's negative, similar to most other books.

"The nation all came together for the world cup, to go angaints other nations, and therefore be racist and everyone is okay with it"

W.Said, Edward (1994) Culture Emerialism. London; Vintage (pg 8)

Gives a concrete definition of Colonialism; which is the main thoery to supprt my study. It also compared it to Imperialist theory and talks about recent changes (Post-Colonialism). It also looks at the effect it has on the media.

" A policy in which a nation maintain or extends it's control over foreign dependencies"


MacKinnan, Kenneth (2003) Representing Men. London; Arnold (176-178)

Williams (1990) argues that in sport media today, for example during a football game, that women and ethnic minorities are refered to by their first names. For example UFC fighter Kimbo Slice (Black America) is refered to as simply Kimbo. This leads them not to be taken as seriously as other athletes who are refered by their last name.

"Williams study, published in 1990, found that throughout the media, in reference to sports, women and people from ethnic groups where refered to, by commentators, by their first names. This was opposed to white men who were refered to by either their last name or their full name"

E.Senn, Alfred (1999). Power, Politics and the Olympic Games. USA; Human Kinetics. (page 45)

He talks about the fact that during the olympic games, there is tention towards other ethnic nations, it's the one time in year we are allowed to be partially racist. It also gives inside to the political effect on other ethnic nations other than the USA.

"The so called 'national unity' which happens when everyone comes together for the Olympics to 'back thier country' is no different from the wars fought between nations."

Let's hear it for Selina Scott and her anti-ageism victory over Channel Five. First, you'll remember, they asked her to replace Natasha Kaplinsky as news presenter while the toothsome thirtysomething was off on maternity leave, and then changed their minds. Instead, they've recruited a 28 year old. Ms Scott, 57, settled out of court for £250,000. Good work.

I certainly don't begrudge her the cash. But the truth is, there has never been a better time to be a fiftysomething woman, and not only because there's a law against ageism now. You only have to look at the reports about student beauty pageants to realise (although you probably already had) that the pressure on young women to look good, and the definition of what looking good is, has eased off not one jot in the past 30 years. Only now, you're expected to be clever with it.
The joyous thing about being more than 50 is that, at last, none of it matters. You might have spent the previous 35 years telling yourself that it didn't matter what you looked like, but you never really believed it. That made it even more complicated. You felt bad because you didn't look like Madonna, and you felt bad because you cared that you didn't look like Madonna.
For all the exhortation of the feminist movement, the evidence all around was that youth and beauty were the indispensible attributes of success for women. What was inescapable culturally was reinforced by all those men, and quite a lot of the women, at work. I say that with humble apologies to some of the really great women I worked for. Thank you for trying to tell me.

Now, on the sunlit uplands of middle age (and just look at Madonna, to see how sunlit), even those of us who have never been brave enough to thumb our noses at the world feel confident that it just doesn't matter to anyone but us. At last, we are free – unchained from the atavistic compulsion to look like a promising childbearer, beyond (well, speaking personally) the need to pick up a man to reaffirm one's worth.

Sure, we are acquiring new caring responsibilities as daughters, even as we shed the old ones of motherhood. But, in so far as caring is not one of them, this is a blog about the good things in life.

We've got it so much better than our mothers, and they had it better than their mothers. Our mothers grew up in a depression, lived through war and hit motherhood before the invention of disposable nappies. No wonder the survivors of their generation also discovered the great liberation of being 50.

Barbara Castle was 51 when she became a cabinet minister for the first time, in 1964, and experienced a surge of energy that was all about power – political power, yes, but also the power of autonomy. And as her career slowed down, 10 years later, she recognised it (enviously) in another woman: Margaret Thatcher, aged 49. It didn't stop either of them trading on their femininity. But, in middle age, femininity becomes a mere facet of personality, which entitles you to wear a short skirt and think about climate change at the same time.

I reckon that with a broad streak of luck (and you sure know about hubris by the time you hit 55), I've got a good 20 years of energy left to do at least some of the things that I didn't have the time or confidence or space to do before. Starting, in a very small way, by pointing out that the picture at the top of this blog is at least 10 years old.

Selina stokes a diversity debate that needs addressing

It will come as a surprise to few but a delight to many that Selina Scott is suing Five over ageism in its refusal to hire her for a maternity cover role and choice of younger presenters instead. It is a delight not because Five is worse than anyone else in this respect, but because it stokes a debate which urgently needs to be taken more seriously. Casual sexism, ageism and racism are the collective dirty secret of the vast majority of media institutions, and they represent as much of an industrial challenge as they do a moral one.

The Equality and Human Rights Commission's Report on Sex and Power, published last week, drew a depressing picture for women in the workplace. In general the progression of women at the highest level in the workplace is pitiful and the media are no exception: only 13.6% of national newspaper editors (including the Herald and Western Mail) are women; only 10% of media FTSE's 350 companies have women at the helm; and at the BBC, which has often been held as an exemplar of diversity, women make up less than 30% of most senior management positions. It puts into context Jeremy Paxman's deranged rant about the white male in television. Ethnic minority representation is even worse.

A couple of weeks ago Pat Younge, former BBC head of sports programmes and planning who left to work for Discovery in the US, caused a stir at the MediaGuardian Edinburgh International TV Festival by saying that diversity targets should be like financial targets - you don't hit them, you get fired. I have to say that as board champion for diversity at Guardian News and Media I would currently be firing myself and most of the board for some missed targets. But Younge is right - because diversity targets are not just a feelgood add-on, they are vital to the health of any media business. The temptation to hire in one's own image for most managers is as irresistible as it is subliminal - which is why there are a lot of opinionated women working in digital management at the Guardian, and why we all need targets to remind us to look beyond the mirror.

On screen, any number of unconventional-looking ageing blokes (Jeremy Clarkson, Jonathan Ross, Chris Moyles, Alan Sugar, Adrian Chiles, Jeremy Paxman, Simon Cowell, Piers Morgan) are paid at a top rate for the talent they possess beyond their appearance. For women it is an altogether different story - appearance and age are clearly factors in choosing female presenters in a way that they aren't for men.

The media should be deeply concerned about this un-diversity - not because it represents moral turpitude on our part, but because it represents bloody awful business sense. What is happening to the UK population at the moment? It is ethnically diversifying, and it is ageing. It is also the case that it is, as of the 2001 Census, marginally more female than it is male. And we live longer - so older women, and non-white potential audiences are on the rise. In London, the major urban conurbation and key market for so many media brands, the population is around 37% ethnically diverse, yet this is nowhere near reflected in the management structures of media companies. Or indeed in their on-screen or in-paper representation.

How though, can you hope to address audiences for which you have no instinctive feel, and towards which you show casual discrimination? We are all in danger of becoming irrelevant to the changing demographics of our target audience at a time when holding any kind of audience is key to survival. If white men are so good at solving business problems - and given that they represent well over 80% of FTSE 100 directors we can speculate that this is a skill they must possess in measure - then I'm surprised they haven't grasped this one already.

3 articles that link with your CI

The night France's philosopher king spat in the face of the common man

It was another Frenchman, Jean‑Paul Sartre, who cooked up the phrase "by any means necessary" as a war cry to eradicate class in Gallic society. Then along came Thierry Henry to invert its purpose as the strong stamped on the weak on the road to the World Cup.

That's the last time we'll want to hear a homily from Henry about how he escaped the projects to become a superstar, a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a Gillette ambassador. The double handball that sent France to South Africa at the Republic of Ireland's expense was the aristocracy micturating on the proletariat while law and order looked the other way.

"It was necessary to exploit what was exploitable," Henry told French journalists. He was referring partly to Ireland's missed opportunities but the double-meaning is obvious. "I do not understand why we are being portrayed as the guilty party," chimed the barmy Raymond Domenech, the France coach. "I can see it is a mistake by the referee. To me this is the game and not cheating."

In the year of the fraud – fake-blood capsules, deliberate F1 crashes – the theft of Ireland's hopes of going to the 2010 World Cup offered incontrovertible evidence that deception is now endemic in the world's favourite game. "I really don't think he meant it," said David Beckham, who was bound to interject at some point. Pearl Harbor was instinctive. Those Japanese bombs made spur of the moment contact with those American ships.

"I'm not the referee, but if I hurt someone I'm sorry," Henry tweeted. Notice that Henry waited until after Fifa ruled out a replay before saying it might be the right solution. With each swan dive, handball and feigned injury we have shuffled to the moment where the modern player thinks it is his duty to cheat, and the responsibility of the state to stop him. To Henry and Domenech, this was a failure not of spirit, of fair play or values but of governance, as a perfectly good Swedish referee who had correctly refused to award France's Nicolas Anelka a penalty moments earlier had his reputation sullied by a pair of chancers.

Not content to take the game down, coach and captain took the ref down, too, impugning his professionalism in a way that might haunt him evermore. Life is so random that sometimes you wonder why we bother planning anything beyond the next 10 seconds. For example: had Ireland's Paul McShane stuck a foot out to redirect the high ball into the penalty area that Henry twice controlled with his hand instead of watching it pass then we would have been spared the nauseating spectacle of the Barcelona striker seeking absolution from Richard Dunne later as the two sat on the pitch.

Henry's guilt was scored across his face. France had just added a player to their World Cup squad: Raskolnikov, consumed with guilt and writhing in his room in Africa. But then came the self-acquittal. It was necessary to exploit what was exploitable. And the most dispiriting aspect of it might be that the Ireland players, by their reluctance to confront him after the game – Dunne actually tapped Henry's leg as if in sympathy – were acceding to what they all know about their trade. The balance is now tilted in favour of swindling. As in society you grab what you can.

The visceral resistance to this fundamental corruption is apparent across Ireland, Britain and France, but there will be no exodus from stadiums because the drama-addiction always outweighs the disgust. Italy won the last World Cup in the year of a huge match-fixing scandal, and the victory in Berlin was cast as a redemptive tale. Expect more of the same if Henry scores the winning goal in next summer's final.

One thinks of Opus Dei, the Roman Catholic organisation to whose doctrine Giovanni Trapattoni, the Ireland coach, adheres. In this faith we are all called to holiness and life is a path to sanctity. In modern football – an exercise in plunder – few will be signing up for Mortification, the control of desire through self-inflicted hardship. Better to do the crime and then talk like Sartre.

There was worse news in Ireland: severe flooding, 20% of households in arrears, two more swine flu deaths. Yet there is no overstating the emotional jolt that came with France's ill-gotten gains. It made people queasy. It was another violation of a great sport's raison d'être, another step on the path to a dystopian future in which chiselling is an art form, with its own scoreboard.

A referee traduced, a nation conned, a morally demented coach, an unrepentant perpetrator, supine governing bodies, a contagion of embarrassment across France: all in all, a grand night in Paris. Next time you burgle or stab someone, try this as a defence: "I'm not the police."

Dave Whelan insists Marlon King has no future in football or at Wigan

The Wigan Athletic chairman, Dave Whelan, has reacted strongly to the claims of Marlon King's agent that the disgraced footballer has a future in football. Whelan, who insists he will sack the striker after he was convicted for sexual assault and actual bodily harm and sentenced to 18 months in prison, was infuriated by agent Tony Finnegan's claims that King will find a new club on his release from jail.

"He will still be a good goalscorer and I'm sure someone will want his signature to play football and do the job he's best at," said Finnegan. "There are lots of players in this country who have fallen short of the law, done the crime, done the time, and I'm sure if you're sitting in a [cell] you do have time to reflect on the change you make as a person."

Finnegan's statement, however, has further enraged Whelan. "I do not want convicts at Wigan Athletic. Some club will sign him when he gets out – they'll take the risk. But they shouldn't," he told Sky Sports. "The FA should stop him playing professional football for 18 months after he has served his sentence. They should ask themselves if we want people with criminal records like this lad, especially with the type of crime he has committed over his career. This is not just a one off.

"They should say, 'Well, we have had enough of that". I can't see him coming back. He is absolutely sacked. We will not tolerate this kind of behaviour. It will be very, very difficult for any club to stick their neck out and take Marlon on. I cannot really see him coming back as a professional. A lot of people will say you do something wrong and you get a sentence and when you have completed it you are allowed back in. But I wouldn't allow him back in.

"I think it was Steve Bruce who signed him for us and I was a little bit surprised. I knew he had some form in the past. Steve sometimes thinks he can settle these lads down and get them to go on the straight and narrow. We laid out £3m on this lad and we've lost most of that money now. But we have standards that we want to keep to. It's a professional game. I am sure every club in the Premier League would have sacked him like I did."

Barton released from jail

Joey Barton has been released from jail after serving 74 days of a six-month sentence. The Newcastle midfielder had been jailed for assault in May after he attacked two people in Liverpool last December and had an appeal for early release turned down this month.

But today the midfielder enjoyed his first taste of freedom after weeks in the cells. Barton, wearing jeans and a jumper and carrying a holdall, shook hands with a friend waiting for him outside the prison gates. He made no comment to reporters before getting into a waiting silver Land Rover and being driven off.

Barton also has a four-month suspended sentence hanging over him after being convicted of an assault on his former Manchester City team-mate Ousmane Dabo, but the Professional Footballers' Association are hoping Barton is able to focus on his career and put off-field problems behind him.

The PFA chief executive, Gordon Taylor, believes that the Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan could be the ideal character for Barton to be working with.

"Hopefully Kevin thinks he can work his oracle with Joey and get his life back on track, both as a human being and as a footballer," Taylor told BBC Five Live. "Kevin is very much a people person. He has shown his emotions quite clearly in public. We're all human beings and we all have our failings.

"At the same time you've got to be responsible for your own actions. We've tried to help Joey with the Sporting Chance clinic and to be there to help him when he's needed it. But you need to see something in return."

Thursday Study Day Homework

Rupert Murdoch doesn't think Barack Obama racist, says spokesman

Rupert Murdoch has been forced to deny he believes Barack Obama is a racist, after appearing to back the controversial Fox News presenter Glenn Beck's comments about the US president.

The chairman and chief executive of News Corporation said in an interview earlier this week that Obama had made "a very racist comment" and that Beck's views were "right".

"He does not at all, for a minute, think the president is a racist," a News Corp spokesman told the US website Politico.

In the interview with Sky News Australia, Murdoch was asked about the views expressed by contributors to Fox News, including Beck's view that Obama was a racist.

"He [Obama] did make a very racist comment about blacks and whites and so on, which he said in his campaign he would be completely above," Murdoch said.

"That was something which perhaps should not have been said about the president but if you actually look at what he [Beck] was talking about, he was right."

Beck caused uproar in July when he described Obama had "a deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture".

His remarks were made during a discussion of Obama's reaction to the arrest of Henry Louis Gates Jr, an African-American Harvard academic.

Murdoch also said in the interview he thought the Obama presidency was going "badly", citing the defection of independent voters in recent elections in Virginia and New Jersey.

Cadbury Dairy Milk ad cleared of racism

The advertising regulator has cleared Cadbury of racism and perpetuating colonial stereotypes of African people in its latest TV advertising campaign.

Cadbury's campaign featured Ghanaian musician Tinny and aimed to promote the chocolate brand's tie-up with the Fairtrade organisation for cocoa from the African nation for its Dairy Milk range.

The Advertising Standards Authority received 29 complaints that the TV campaign was demeaning to African people and perpetuated racial stereotypes.

However, the ASA's council has decided not to formally investigate the complaints. "Although the council acknowledges that Cadbury had used stereotypes in their ads, they felt that the stereotypes were not harmful or offensive," said the ASA, which argued that most ads use some form of stereotype device to get a message across.

Cadbury has steadfastly maintained that the company went to "considerable lengths" to ensure that the ad campaign was culturally sensitive and developed as a "joyous and uplifting portrayal of Ghanaian culture and something which Ghanaians can feel proud of".

In 2007 the ASA banned an ad for Cadbury's Trident chewing gum, which featured a black "dub poet" speaking in rhyme with a strong Caribbean accent, after more than 500 complaints that it was racist.

Nick Griffin to lodge formal complaint with BBC over Question Time

BNP leader Nick Griffin is to lodge a formal complaint and freedom of information request to the BBC over the way his appearance on Question Time was handled.

He will argue that the format of the show was skewed to focus almost solely on the BNP, not wider issues, that the makeup of the audience was primarily anti-BNP and that a broader range of questions were not fielded, a spokesman for the party said.

The BBC has fielded more than 400 calls and emails about Griffin's appearance on Question Time last night – with more than half complaining that the show was biased against the British National Party leader.

BBC online forums were flooded with support for Griffin and attacks on the BBC, the other panellists and the anti-fascist demonstrators outside Television Centre yesterday. However, there were also comments supporting the BBC for its decision to invite Griffin on to the Question Time panel.

Question Time attracted 7.9 million viewers, half the total TV audience for its 10.35pm slot – which is thought to be a record figure for the show.

The BNP spokesman said: "He was not treated the same as other elected politicians [who appear on the show]; it was a completely unfair showing.

"Question Time changed the whole format of the programme. The BNP will be putting in a freedom of information request to the BBC and programme makers to ask about the process of changing the format of the whole programme. [We want to know] why they felt they had to break with the usual format."

He said that the BNP wanted a second outing on Question Time to be "re-run in the correct format". "If people want to be critical, fair enough – they should not dominate the whole programme."

The spokesman added that Question Time had a history of moving locations and that London was too "multicultural" to be fair to the BNP and that perhaps a location like the northwest of England would be an option.

"It is logical: that is where he was elected and an audience would contain a representative cross-section of voters, some of whom may have voted for the BNP," he said. "It would make for a more balanced programme."

Griffin is also keen to challenge Jack Straw, the justice secretary, to a one-on-one debate over Labour policies.

Griffin himself said today he was planning to make a formal complaint to the BBC about last night's show, telling Sky News: "That was not a genuine Question Time; that was a lynch mob."

The media regulator, Ofcom, said it had received a "small number of complaints" about the show – understood to be less than 100 – and was considering whether to launch a formal investigation of whether Question Time breached its broadcast code.

BBC Information, the corporation's call centre, had fielded a total of 416 calls on the controversial show by about noon today. Of these, 243 were complaints of bias against Griffin.

Question Time was filmed late yesterday amid chaotic scenes outside BBC Television Centre as anti-fascist protesters clashed with police, and attracted a record audience of almost eight million viewers.

The BBC also received 114 complaints about Griffin being allowed to appear on the Question Time panel at all. There were a further 59 calls applauding the BBC's decision to have the BNP leader on the show.

Ofcom is understood to have received fewer than 100 complaints and will now make a decision on whether to investigate. The complaints fall under the broadcasting code section on harm and offence.

An Ofcom spokesman said: "Ofcom has received a small number of complaints which are currently being assessed against the broadcasting code."

Under the BBC's complaints procedure, the corporation will respond to the calls after the issues have been discussed with the Question Time programme team. Those who remain unsatisfied with the response can refer their complaint to the BBC's editorial complaints unit.

If they are still not happy with its decision, complainants can take their grievance to the editorial standards committee of the BBC Trust, the corporation's regulatory and governance body.

BBC pressed on racial equality targets

The Commission for Racial Equality chairman, Trevor Phillips, is to call on the culture secretary, Tessa Jowell, to enforce strict new rules on the BBC's employment of black and ethnic minorities.

Mr Phillips wants the BBC to be subject to an amendment to the race relations act requiring it to publish information on training, retention rates and complaints, as well as data it already provides on targets and recruitment.

"The duty would make them subject to regulation by the CRE in terms of their programmes for promotion of ethnic minorities - to some extent, the balance of what they broadcast and to a large extent, what they do on training and how they treat different ethnic groups among their staff," Mr Phillips told the BBC's inhouse magazine, Ariel.

"Ultimately, as we have done with the police, we could take compliance action against them."

The BBC currently employs 10.2% of its staff from black and ethnic minorities, and 5.2% of its senior management. Targets for the end of 2007 are 12.5% and 7% respectively.

Mr Phillips said the BBC's targets were still too low.

"It's fine for [the BBC director of television] Jana Bennett to aim for a 10% target on screen, of characters and contributors, because that chimes with, or even exceeds, the percentage of minorities in the national audience.

"But on employment, the pool from which the BBC draws two-thirds of its staff [in cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester] is one-third ethnic minority.

"Do the sums: 10.2% is way underperforming. It's not hideous, but it's not good."

Mr Phillips said BBC News was in danger of failing to address its black and Asian audience because of the under-representation of ethnic minorities.

"There's a whole panoply of rules that govern BBC journalism, all directed to one end, which is to tell the story fairly and comprehensively," he said.

"People tend to focus on that in party political terms, but actually, in modern Britain, the more serious bias is about whether huge chunks of the community are not having their voices heard or their perspectives addressed.

"Newsrooms which are monocultural are in danger of being like comedy that isn't funny. Without cultural knowledge, you don't ask the right questions.

"You can be the most brilliant interviewer, but if the team that's briefing you has no idea about the influence of South Asian culture [in] west London, you can conduct interviews there in the most profound ignorance of what most matters.

"This is not about doing the job better, it's about whether you can do the basic job at all."

The BBC's head of diversity, Andrea Callender, told Ariel: "According to the 2001 census, the percentage of black and minority ethnic people in the UK is 8%. The 12.5% target for 2007 was set by the executive board in recognition that many parts of the BBC are based in metropolitan areas where there is a higher proportion of black and minority ethnic people in the local population."

Research off screen and on screen

On Screen; Didier Drogba spat after exit from Semi-Final in Champions League.



This represents ethnic minorities in a bad light. It’s representing them as bad role models and helps keep them subordinate in sport today. Afterwards he receives a 6 match ban, the most given to a single footballer.

Off screen; 0% of the board of directors of the FA (who run English football) are from ethnic minority decent. They are all white, born from England and upperclass. This connotes that colonialism still exists to a certain extent, in the fact that the people who own the means of production are white, upper class men (as Marxsists and Colonialists argue).

In the cricket squad, from the 30 cricketers only 20% of cricketers are from ethnic minority decent. And only about 2 ethnic minority cricketers are regulars connoting that the ethnic minority players, while there are a handful of cricketers who are ethnic minorities, only one or two cricketers are actually regulars in the team.

Key Issues/Debates with Post Colonialism (Neo Colonialism)

A key issue and debate for Post Colonialism is the fact that Colonialism hasn’t completely disappeared from society. The term is called neo-colonialism. A term often applied to the economic situation of many former colonies after political independence has been secured. A policy whereby a major power uses economic and political means to perpetuate or extend its influence over underdeveloped nations or areas. Neo-colonialist interpretations of economic development in the Third World suggest that, as a budget-saving and humanitarian act, political decolonization nevertheless left in-tact the West's monopolistic control over the production and marketing of goods in the former colonies. By using international law, corporate property rights, and the power of major commercial banks the former colonial powers could retain economic influence and control over their former dependent territories.

In sports this is apparent through the people who own the institutions tend to be white upper-class men. They control everything and if you notice there tends to be a lot of actual athletes who are ethnic minorities. Neo-colonialist theorists argue that these athletes are used to bring money from where they are from. A prime example of this is Ji Sung Park, the Manchester united midfielder who sells a lot of shirts in the Far East. While the fact remains he hardly plays, it can be used as an example of how Colonialism still exists to serve the interests of the upper class so that they make money.

Kwame Nkrumah argues that Neo-Colonialism is the Last Stage of imperialism. Marxists are the ones who argue that Post Colonialism hasn't completely gone from society and it's made to seem gone but in reality it's still present. This is study is important in my study because it looks at if there is a distinction and with this theory it argues that white people still own ethnic minorities is society to a small extent, the extent that managers are white people and chairmen’s are as well.

Post Colonialism

Post colonialism is the thoery in which it looks at the effects and aftermath of a new globalised society after the Colonialism era where everyone is supposedly equal.

Edward coined the term, Orientalism, describing the binary between the Orient and the Occident. This binary, also referred to as the East/West binary, is key in postcolonial theory. Said argued that the Occident could not exist without the Orient, and vice versa. In other words, they are mutually constitutive. Notably, the concept of the East i.e. the Orient was created by the West, suppressing the ability of the Orient to express themselves. Western depictions of the Orient construct an inferior world, a place of backwardness, irrationality, and wildness. This allowed the ‘West’ to identify themselves as the opposite of these characteristics; as a superior world that was progressive, rational, and civil. The West’s claim to knowledge of the East gave the West the power to name, and the power to control. This concept is essential to understanding of colonialism, and therefore recognising postcolonialism.

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's main contribution to Postcolonial theory came with her specific definition of the term subaltern. Spivak also introduced terms such as 'essentialism', 'strategic essentialism'. The former term refers to the dangers of reviving subaltern (when you're out of the heirachy in society) voices in ways that might simplify lower groups, creating stereotyped impressions of their diverse group. Spivak however believes that essentialism can sometimes be used strategically by these groups to make it easier for the subaltern to be heard and understood when a clear identity can be created and accepted by the majority. Spivak also created the term 'epistemic violence' which refers to the destruction of non-western ways of knowing and thereby the domination of western ways of understanding. This concept relates to Spivak's "Subaltern must always be caught in translation, never truly expressing herself" because of the destruction and marginalization of her way of understanding.

Frantz Fanon is one of the earliest writers associated with postcolonialism. Fanon analyzed the nature of colonialism and those subjugated by it. He describes colonialism as a source of violence rather than reacting violently against resistors which had been the common view. His portrayal of the systematic relationship between colonialism and its attempts to deny "all attributes of humanity" to those it suppressed laid the groundwork for related critiques of colonial and postcolonial systems.

Post colonialism fits in with my study because it looks at why and how ethnic minorities in sport have come a long way in British society.

To what extent is there a distinction between the representation of ethnic minorities and the majority of atheletes in sports media today?

Media Language: Media Language is important in my study because if I'm to look at the distinction between ethnic minorities and everyone else in sports media then I'm going to have to use my media language to look beneath the surface as the distinction won't be so obvious.

Institution: Will institution affect this? As most people who run the sport institution tend to be upper class, white men then it is very significant to the study. There are key arguments; Mc Quail argues that the upper class uses ethnic minorities to attract teenagers and other ethnic minorities to the sport; Social-cultural theory.

Genre: The genre will be sports, this is because it's interesting to see that while ethnic minorities do play a key role in sports, it's the white upper-class men that own or control them; e.g. nearly all football managers are white, the upper class are usually the chairmen of their sport etc.

Representation: The representation of ethnic minorities are somewhat positive, on one hand they appear to be dominant in sport; there are a lot of ethnic minorities who are footballers, athletes, tennis players, boxers etc. However on the other hand these ethnic minorities are not the ones in power; it's the upper class white men who are; so while we do live in a post-colonialism world, there are some hints of colonialism left.

Audience: The audiences involved tend to be everyone, this links in with Mc Quail who argues that using ethnic minorities is to bring people to watch it, in our globalized world.

Ideologies: The ideology of ethnic minorities in sport is that everyone is equal; we are living in a post-colonialist world. That is why there has to be some ethnic minorities in main-stream sport, e.g. In tennis, football, cricket there has to be as it attracts the mainstream however hunting doesn't as it's mainly for the upper class.

Narrative: In sports there are narratives involving ethnic minorities, there could be something such as the owners supporting a charity in Africa or it could be negative, e.g. in football Didier Drogba swore at the camera after his team lost, there was uproar throughout the country but he then was fined by UEFA and equilibrium was restored.


Social: The social issues with this are the fact that most ethnic minorities in sport still aren't the poster boys; in sports most athletes who are shown are still white. While there is a significant change in the amount of ethnic minorities in sport today, they hardly occupy the important roles.


Historical: The historical issues with this are Colonialism still exists to a certain extent. It's not a huge extent as there are ethnic minorities who play a huge role in sports but also the fact that they are owned by the upper class connotes that it does.

Ethical: While a reason why there are ethnic minorities who have significant roles is due to ethical issues, the fact remains that they are second best to the owners.

Political: The political issues are the fact that ethnic minorities being used a lot in sports could be linked in with Britain looking to be seen as good. A diverse Britain which will make Britain look attractive for foreign interests and more money for the upper classes.

This study fits into the contemporary media landscape because it looks at the effect of post-colonialism and also if colonialism is really gone from society.

Post-colonialism Summary

Post-colonialism is a post-modernist thoery in which it looks at the cultural impact of Colonialism on media texts. Looks at condition in which former colonies find themselves as they struggle towards a national and ethinic indentity in the face of their colonial cultural legacy and the continuing dominance of Western media and cultural imperialism. Colonialism is the power of the big guns in Europe and how they controlled other nations during the 16th century-20th. Legacy lives on through the form of cultural imperialism.

12 key words:

Cultual Imperialism
National and Ethnic identity
Cultural Legacy
Ayubi
Retamar
Dominance
Post-mondernist
Cultural Impact
Independence
Nkrumah
Baylis
National Identity

Red Herrings:

Smakrygchy
Social Solidarity
Borges
Shared Values
Charles Olson

Media effects; effects theory: an audience theory that tends to see the audience as passive and seeks to measure how exposure to particular aspects of media content can influence the behavior of the reader or viewer.

Reality TV: Reality television is a genre of television programming that presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and usually features ordinary people instead of professional actors.

How the Participants Are Chosen for Television Reality Shows

Television reality series such as Survivor, Amazing Race, Real World, and Rock of Love, are created to attract the most viewers possible. Beginning with the casting call, thousands of applicants are screened by professionals. The few chosen to be on the shows are picked because of their attractiveness to the audience, and their ability to create conflict. This ensures a dramatic and conflict riddled season.

How the Reality Shows Are Filmed and Edited

The appearance in Survivor is that the participants are alone in a secluded wilderness. It seems that there is no one nearby to help them, and they are truly alone in the world. But are they? They are surrounded by the crews working on the series.

The participants on Survivor regularly have lone interviews where they reminisce about their experiences. While the dialogue they present is not scripted by professional writers, they are prompted with questions and suggestions of what to talk about in these scenes. Then, film material is edited to reflect what they reveal to the audience.

Over the course of about 1000 hours of time on the secluded location, Survivor is edited to give the public about 1% of what actually happened. This is all selected and prepped by professionals whose jobs are to make the show as dramatic as possible.

Adult Perceptions of Reality Shows

Viewers activate what is called in fiction, “suspension of disbelief,” and immerse themselves in the action as it develops. This “suspension of disbelief” causes them to forget that the participants are surrounded by camera crew, sound crew, setting technicians, and directors.

Adult perceptions of reality are also based on what could have happened. If the scenario is plausible, and if it follows through to a logical consequence, then many adults will consider it reality. This perception sometimes even carries over into fiction.

Fiction Confused With Reality

As an example, during the television run of the comedy show Gilligan’s Island, where seven castaways were shipwrecked on a small island, many people began worrying about the fictional characters. Sherwood Schwartz, the creator of the series, stated in a 1984 Parent’s Choice article that the Coast Guard received telegrams stating that someone should be sent to help the castaways.

In a 2009 SuperBowl commercial, the mascot for Jack in the Box was hit by a bus and seriously injured. According to workers at the fast food franchise, many people called in concern for his welfare. Some were joking, but seemingly, some were not.

As reality shows continue in their popularity, it’s important to remember that what is billed as reality, may not necessarily be so. Even though they are based on kernels of real events, they are still created for a target audience, they send a message, and they are constructed and edited by media professionals to create the most commercially viable product possible. Let the viewer beware.